The root cause of the psychological incapacity must be: (a) medically or clinically identified, (b) alleged in the complaint, (c) sufficiently proven by experts, and (d) clearly explained in the decision. Expert evidence may be given by qualified psychiatrists and clinical psychologists.

One who participates in the material execution of the crime by standing guard or lending moral support to the actual perpetrator is criminally responsible to the same extent as the latter.

It is clear from Section 2 of Rule 117, Rules of Court, that a motion to quash may be based on factual and legal grounds, and since extinction of criminal liability and double jeopardy are retained among  the grounds for a motion to quash in Section 3 of the new Rule 117, it necessarily follows that facts outside the information itself may be introduced to prove such grounds.

Where the employer fails to satisfactorily establish any violation of the Labor Secretary's retun-to-work-order, any contrary finding by the Labor Arbiter and the National Labor Relations Commission is committed with grave abuse of discretion.

Being regular on its face, a Secretary's certificate  is sufficient for a third party to rely on-it does not have to investigate the truth of  the facts contained in such certification, otherwise business transaction of corporations would become tortously slow and unnecessarily hampered.